Relationships of Isoflavone, Oil, and Protein in Seed with Yield of Soybean (2025)

High Soybean Yield Can Mean Higher Concentrations of Isoflavones

Accumulation of genistein and daidzein, soybean isoflavones implicated in …

Journal of agricultural …, 2004

To circumvent drought conditions persisting during seed fill in the Mid-south United States soybean production region, researchers have developed the early soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) planting system (ESPS) which entails early planting of short-season varieties. Since soybean supplies a preponderance of world's protein and oil and consumption of soy-based foods has been associated with multiple health benefits, the effects of this agronomic practice on seed quality traits such as protein, oil, and isoflavones should be investigated. Four cultivars of soybean, two from Maturity Group IV and two from Maturity Group V, were planted in April (ESPS) and May (traditional) in a two-year study at Stoneville, Mississippi. Near-infrared analysis of soybean seed was utilized to determine the percentages of protein and oil. Dependent upon variety, the oil content of the early-planted crop was increased by 3 to 8%, while protein was not significantly changed. Visualization of protein extracts fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis and fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis revealed that early planting did not affect the relative accumulation of the major seed-storage proteins, thus protein composition was equal to that of traditionally cultivated soybeans. Maturity Group IV cultivars contained a higher percentage of oil and lower percentage of protein than did the Maturity Group V cultivars regardless planting date. Gas chromatographic separation of fatty acids revealed that the percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly altered by planting date. Methanol extracts of seed harvested from different planting dates when analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography showed striking differences in isoflavone content. Depending upon the variety, total isoflavone content was increased as much as 1.3 fold in early-planted soybeans. Irrigation enhanced the isoflavone content of both early-and late-planted soybeans as much as 2.5-fold. Accumulation of individual isoflavones, daidzein and genistein was also elevated by irrigation. Since this cultural practice Bennett et al. Page 3 improves the quality traits of seeds, the ESPS system provides an opportunity for enhancing the quality of soybean. Keywords Glycine • isoflavone • seed composition Abbreviations DIGE Fluorescence 2-D difference gel electrophoresis-ESPS early soybean planting system-HPLC high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography-MG maturity group-NIR near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The Effects of Fertilization and Variety on the Isoflavones of Soybeans

Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 2012

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of year condition, variety and fertilization treatments on content of isoflavones genistein and daidzein in soy seeds. Four soybean varieties Korada, Supra, Alma Ata and OAC Vision were growing at experimental farm Oponice (south- western Slovakia) in 2007-2008. The experimental site belongs to warm and moderate arid climatic region. Soybean was growing after sugar beat forecrop each year. The conventional tillage practices were used. Fertilization treatments were as follows: I. Non-fertilized control, II. LAV 27 % (40 kg ha -1 N) in growing stage of first pair of true leaves (BBCH 101), III. Humix komplet (rate 8 L ha -1 ) applied in growing stage of first pair of true leaves (4 L ha -1 ) and before flowering (4 L ha -1 ), IV. DAM 390 (20 kg ha -1 of N) applied in growing stage before flowering (BBCH 501). Seeds were inoculated by HiStick preparation. Concentration of daidzein and genistein were determined using a high-performance ...

Effect of Row Spacing on Seed Isoflavone Contents in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2014

Soybean isoflavones compounds such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein have numerous human health benefits including the reduction of risks of cardiovascular diseases, breast and prostate cancers, and menaupose symptoms in women. Understanding the genetic and environmental control of isoflavones accumulation is of great importance for developing new cultivars with high amounts of seed isoflavones. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of row spacing (25 cm vs. 50 cm) on seed isoflavones accumulation using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross of PI 438489B and "Hamilton" (PIxH, n = 50). The two row spaces generated plant densities of 250,000 plants/ha and 90,000 plants/ha, respectively. Significant differences in soybean seed isoflavones (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) contents have been observed between plants grown in the two different plant densities. The mean daidzein content was 0.03458 µg•g −1 in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (low plant density), which was significantly higher than its content (0.03019 µg•g −1) in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (high plant density). Similarly, the mean glycitein content in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (0.01905 µg•g −1) was significantly higher than its content in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (0.00498 µg•g −1). Also, the mean genistein content in plants grown in 50 cm row spaces (0.01466 µg•g −1) was higher than its content in plants grown in 25 cm row spaces (0.00831 µg•g −1). These preliminary results are important in guiding farmers and breeders on choosing the best row spaces to grow soybean plants in order to optimize isoflavones contents. Further studies are needed to understand the correlation between seed * Corresponding author. B. Ragin et al. 4004 isoflavones contents and other agronomic traits such as seed yield, protein, and oil contents.

Isoflavones in Seeds of Field-Grown Soybean: Variation Among Genetic Lines and Environmental Effects

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2011

This study was undertaken to determine how seed isoflavones from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines differing in their maturity group, change between locations and years with different weather conditions. Seeds from 15 lines representing four maturity groups grown at three locations in Maryland (full season at all three and double crop at one location) were analyzed from 2001 to 2002, representing one relatively normal and one warm and dry year, respectively. Comparing lines, total isoflavones averaged for both years and all locations/planting dates ranged between 4.7 lmol [g seed dry matter (SDM)] -1 in MD95-5358 and 8.7 lmol (g SDM) -1 in Stressland. Isoflavones were reduced by about 50% in early maturing soybean lines in 2002 compared to 2001 under warmer conditions on the Eastern Shore of Maryland but not in the cooler central Maryland location. Isoflavones were not affected consistently or to a large extent in later maturity lines at any location or planting date combination. Relative changes in genistein, daidzein, and total isoflavones were similar to each other, whereas glycitein was much more variable. The results suggest that early maturing soybean lines are more likely to be affected by changes in temperature and precipitation.

Agronomic Performance of Recombinant Inbred Line Populations Segregating for Isoflavone Content in Soybean Seeds

Crop Science, 2005

mann & Gerdemann (Graham et al., 1990; Morris et al., 1991; Graham and Graham, 1994; Graham and Graham, Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds contain isoflavones, 1996) and to induce nodulation genes in Bradyrhizowhich have been associated with positive health effects in human adults but a negative effect on infants. Increasing or decreasing isofla-bium japonicum bacteria that form rhizobia on soybean vone content in the seed would be desirable; however, it is not known roots (Kosslak et al., 1987). Isoflavones are also thought what impact this would have on agronomic and other seed quality to contribute to the positive health effects associated traits. The main objective of this study was to determine if isoflavone with soybean consumption by humans and animals. Sevcontent in soybean seeds was associated with changes in agronomic eral studies have shown that isoflavones reduce the risk and seed quality traits. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with "high" of breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease, (n ϭ 35), "intermediate" (n ϭ 35), and "low" (n ϭ 35) isoflavone and osteoporosis (Messina, 1999; Munro et al., 2003). content, were selected from three F 4:5 populations grown in 2000 and However, it has been suggested that adverse effects may planted at three locations in southern Ontario in 2002. There were significant differences among populations, environments, and their occur in infants fed soy-based formulae (Setchell et al., interaction for isoflavone content. "High" and "low" phenotypic 1997). Therefore, breeding soybean cultivars with inclasses were significantly different for maturity in all three populations.

Relationships among oil content, protein content and seed size in soybeans

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2001

were carried out at Londrina State University, aiming at quantifying the oil and protein contents in two groups of soybean genotypes; estimating the phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations existent among oil, protein content and seed size, and identifying genotypes for direct human consumption with high protein content. The evaluated characters were Weight of a Hundred Seeds (WHS), expressed in grams/100 seeds, Oil Content (OC) and Protein Content (PC), expressed in %. In the experiment carried out in the field, OC ranged from 12 to 20.37 % and PC from 35.66 to 41.75% while in the experiment carried out in the greenhouse OC ranged from 12.26 to 21.79 % and PC from 32.95 to 41.56 % . The correlations between oil and protein were negative and significant. The relationship among WHS with OC and PC was low and higly affected by the time effect. Due to their high protein content and stability to oil and protein contents, there were distinction among the treatments carried out in the field (GA23 and GA20), and those carried out in the greenhouse (PI408251, Waseda, B6F4 (L-3 less), PI423909 and Tambagura).

EFFECT OF PLANTING TIME AND LOCATION ON THE ISOFLAVONE CONTENT AND PROFILE OF DIFFERENT SOYBEANS [Glycine max (L.) MERRILL] CULTIVARS

2003

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Dr. M. Monica Giusti, for her guidance, nurturing, encouragement and support at every stage of my graduate study. I am grateful to the other members of my advisory committee, Dr. Y. Martin Lo and Dr. William J. Kenworthy for their invaluable academic offerings, which solidly grounded me with the completion of my education here. Special thanks are given to the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Maryland Soybean Checkoff Research Funding for providing funding for this study. I would also like to thank Dr. Larry W. Douglass, from the Department of Animal Science, and Bill Phillips II, from the Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Landscape Architecture, for their valuable contribution on the statistical analyses. Without them, my completion of this research would be impossible. I would like to thank my colleague graduate students Fei Lin, He Jiang, Dawn Fakes and Pu Jing for their help during course of my investigation. My education could never be accomplished without the endless support and care from my wife and parents. Each single piece of my progress, in University of Maryland or thereafter, should all be attributed to their sacrifice and love to me. This thesis is dedicated to them. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.

The Seed Protein, Oil, and Yield QTL on Soybean Linkage Group I

Crop Science, 2003

averaged, on a 130 g kg Ϫ1 seed moisture basis, a seed yield of 2401 kg ha Ϫ1 , a seed protein content of 354.1 g Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed protein is negatively correkg Ϫ1 , and a seed oil content of 185.6g kg Ϫ1 (Hurburgh, lated with seed oil and often with yield. Our goal was to examine the 2001). These statistics indicated that 67.25 kg of the crop basis for these correlations at a quantitative genetic locus (QTL) level.

Effect of Temperature, Elevated Carbon Dioxide, and Drought during Seed Development on the Isoflavone Content of Dwarf Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Grown in Controlled Environments

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005

The effects of elevated temperature, carbon dioxide, and water stress on the isoflavone content of seed from a dwarf soybean line [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] were determined, using controlled environment chambers. Increasing the temperature from 18°C during seed development to 23°C decreased total isoflavone content by about 65%. A further 5°C increase to 28°C decreased the total isoflavone content by about 90%. Combining treatments at elevated temperature with elevated CO 2 (700 ppm) and water stress to determine the possible consequences of global climate change on soybean seed isoflavone content indicated that elevated CO 2 at elevated temperatures could partially reverse the effects of temperature on soybean seed isoflavone content. The addition of drought stress to plants grown at 23°C and elevated CO 2 returned the total isoflavone levels to the control values obtained at 18°C and 400 ppm CO 2 . The promotive effects of drought and elevated CO 2 at 23°C on the 6′′-O-malonygenistin and genistin levels were additive. The individual isoflavones often had different responses to the various growth conditions during seed maturation, modifying the proportions of the principal isoflavones. Therefore, subtle changes in certain environmental factors may change the isoflavone content of commercially grown soybean, altering the nutritional values of soy products.